July 1998
- Elven Language List J C Lawrence
- Summary: "Influence Mapping" J C Lawrence
- 1997 CGDC AI Roundtable Moderator's Report J C Lawrence
- 1997 CGDC AI Roundtable Moderator's Report J C Lawrence
On Wed, 01 Jul 1998 14:32:58 -0700
J C Lawrence<claw@under.engr.sgi.com> wrote:
> URL:http://www.cris.com/%7eswoodcoc/cgdc97notes.html
> 1997 CGDC AI Roundtable Moderator's Report
> by Steven Woodcock
..deletia...
> During the development of the game one programmer
> came back from lunch to discover over 30 Creatures running around in
> the game where there had been only one. Wondering how this could
> happen, he then saw a Creature come into the "hatchery" with an egg
> (which are randomly distributed about the environment) and place it
> into the incubator until it hatched. This Creature had learned by
> accident that eggs dropped in the incubator made more Creatures, and
> Creatures like having friends.
> After the game was shipped developers witnessed
> what could only be described as a suicide. Two Creatures that were
> best friends often wandered around the environment together, and
> eventually one of them "died" of old age (they have a life-span of
> roughly 50 hours). Its friend refused to leave the body, despite
> increasing biological needs for sleep and food, until it too died of
> starvation.
> By design, the Creatures' brain consists of roughly
> nine "lobes", with each lobe dedicated to a specific aspect of the
> Creatures' personality (emotions, learning, etc.). A player of the
> game sent the developers a Creature which had evolved two additional
> lobes. Examination and testing showed that this "mutant" was
> slightly better than a "normal" Creature-it learned faster and
> seemed somewhat more intelligent.
Now kick back a little and imagine putting these sort of supports
underneath your NPC/mobiles for everything from combat systems and
effectiveness to NPC societies, population controls, herd/flocking
behaviours, and NPC economic and political systems (yes! Your NPC's
can have their own internally evolved politics!).
I'm scared.
...deletia...
> RPGs - One topic which garnered somewhat more interest in the
> last session than in others was the use of good AI for role playing
> games. In light of the upcoming large online RPGs, some developers
> wondered how to build believable non-player characters (NPCs) which
> could interact with the players intelligently. A variety of
> approaches were discussed, most being mixtures of rules-based and
> A-life. Ultima Online was brought up as an interesting example of a
> quasi A-life approach backed up by careful overview of Game
> Moderators to prevent things from getting too wildly out of hand.
Oops.
--
J C Lawrence Internet: claw@null.net
(Contractor) Internet: coder@ibm.net
---------(*) Internet: claw@under.engr.sgi.com
...Honourary Member of Clan McFud -- Teamer's Avenging Monolith...
- 1997 CGDC AI Roundtable Moderator's Report J C Lawrence
- Summary: Recognizing Strategic Dispositions J C Lawrence
- Back to the Future (was WIRED: Kilers have more fun) Mike Sellers
- Back to the Future (was WIRED: Kilers havemore fun) Koster, Raph
- Back to the Future (was WIRED: Kilers have more fun) J C Lawrence
- Back to the Future (was WIRED: Kilers have more fun) S. Patrick Gallaty
- Back to the Future (was WIRED: Kilers have more fun) J C Lawrence
- Help Request On Creating MUD Strahd Von ZAROVICH
- Help Request On Creating MUD Jon Leonard
- Help Request On Creating MUD J C Lawrence
- Help Request On Creating MUD J C Lawrence
- Help Request On Creating MUD J C Lawrence
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Chris Gray
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Adam Wiggins
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun J C Lawrence
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Koster, Raph
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Jon A. Lambert
- [RELEASED] Update release of ScryMUD (Accepting builders) Ben Greear
- Meta (Are code release announcement appreciated?) Ben Greear
- Meta (Are code release announcement appreciated?) Nathan F Yospe
- Meta (Are code release announcement appreciated?) J C Lawrence
- Ubiquity Scope & Requirements Greg Munt
- Ubiquity Scope & Requirements Vadim Tkachenko
- Ubiquity Scope & Requirements Greg Munt
- Ubiquity Scope & Requirements Chris Gray
- Ubiquity Scope & Requirements Vadim Tkachenko
- IMatix Tools: Libero and SMT J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Till Eulenspiegel
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Marian Griffith
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Adam Wiggins
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Marian Griffith
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Orion Henry
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Marian Griffith
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Marian Griffith
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Adam Wiggins
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Marian Griffith
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Adam Wiggins
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Marian Griffith
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Maddy
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) cat
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) S. Patrick Gallaty
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) Dan Shiovitz
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) S. Patrick Gallaty
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) Marian Griffith
- SMAP: Small Application's Persistency, C++ Library J C Lawrence
- Development of a Smart Compiler J C Lawrence
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposal (with apologies to J. Swift) J C Lawrence
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposal (with apologies to J. Swift) Chris Gray
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Petri Virkkula
- An Introduction Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai
- An Introduction Chris Gray
- An Introduction Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai
- An Introduction J C Lawrence
- An Introduction Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- An Introduction J C Lawrence
- An Introduction Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- An Introduction Chris Gray
- An Introduction Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai
- An Introduction Ross Nicoll
- An Introduction Chris Gray
- An Introduction Chris Gray
- An Introduction Ross Nicoll
- An Introduction J C Lawrence
- An Introduction Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- An Introduction Adam J. Thornton
- An Introduction J C Lawrence
- An Introduction Adam J. Thornton
- An Introduction Koster, Raph
- An Introduction Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- An Introduction Ilya, Game Commandos
- An Introduction Matthew Mihaly
- An Introduction Koster, Raph
- An Introduction Jon A. Lambert
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposal (with apologies to J. Swift) Richard Bartle
- Summary: The Game Design Mailing List "Learning AI" Thread J C Lawrence
- Summary: The "Extensible Game AI" thread J C Lawrence
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposa Michael.Willey@abnamro.com
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposa Adam Wiggins
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposa Ross Nicoll
- OT: Computer History Archive Holly Sommer
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposal (with apologies to J. Swift) Chris Gray
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Jon A. Lambert
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Matt Chatterley
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Adam Wiggins
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Dan Shiovitz
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Adam Wiggins
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Shawn Halpenny
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Adam Wiggins
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Travis S. Casey
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Katrina McClelan
- Massive brainstorm rant about an imaginary class system. (resent) Till Eulenspiegel
- PRNGs: Pseudo Random Number Generators J C Lawrence
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposa Richard Bartle
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposa Adam J. Thornton
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Michael.Willey@abnamro.com
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Todd Lair
- MapMaker S. Patrick Gallaty
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposa Chris Gray
- My "mud" server, A.T.O.M. and the coming design notes Mike L Kesl
- Output Classification Notes, version 061098 Mike L Kesl
- Output Classification Notes, version 061098 CJones@aagis.com
- Output Classification Notes, version 061098 J C Lawrence
- Output Classification Notes, version 061098 Vadim Tkachenko
- Output Classification Notes, version 061098 Ben Greear
- Output Classification Notes, version 061098 Chris Gray
- Output Classification Notes, version 061098 J C Lawrence
- Universe Design Notes, version 061098 Mike L Kesl
- Universe Design Notes, version 061098 Chris Gray
- Universe Design Notes, version 061098 Mike L Kesl
- Universe Design Notes, version 061098 J C Lawrence
- Universe Design Notes, version 061098 s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- World Creation Notes, version 061098 Mike L Kesl
- World Creation Notes, version 061098 Chris Gray
- World Creation Notes, version 061098 Mike L Kesl
- World Creation Notes, version 061098 J C Lawrence
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposa Richard Bartle
- Alternate UOL's J C Lawrence
- Alternate UOL's S. Patrick Gallaty
- Alternate UOL's Felix A. Croes
- Alternate UOL's Jason Goodwin
- Alternate UOL's Ben Greear
- Alternate UOL's Felix A. Croes
- Alternate UOL's J C Lawrence
- Alternate UOL's D. B. Brown
- Alternate UOL's Adam Wiggins
- Alternate UOL's Koster, Raph
- Alternate UOL's D. B. Brown
- Alternate UOL's Koster, Raph
- Alternate UOL's Nathan F Yospe
- Alternate UOL's Damion Schubert
- Alternate UOL's Damion Schubert
- Alternate UOL's J C Lawrence
- Alternate UOL's Adam J. Thornton
- Support for remote NPCs Joel Kelso
- Support for remote NPCs Nathan F Yospe
- Affordances and social method Jon A. Lambert
- Affordances and social method Marian Griffith
- Affordances and social method Jon A. Lambert
- Affordances and social method Marian Griffith
- Affordances and social method J C Lawrence
- [Fwd: brainstormer] Richard Woolcock
- Physics Lesson John Bertoglio
- Physics Lesson Mike Sellers
- Physics Lesson Ling
- (fwd) command parsers: a modest proposa Chris Gray
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) Chris Gray
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) Adam Wiggins
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) S. Patrick Gallaty
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) Koster, Raph
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wired Magazine...) Damion Schubert
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wire d Magazine...) J C Lawrence
- META: MUD-Dev is a NewHoo "Cool Site" J C Lawrence
- Biomass project Joel Kelso
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Koster, Raph
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Dr. Cat
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Koster, Raph
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Dr. Cat
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Jon A. Lambert
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Jon A. Lambert
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Holly Sommer
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi quzah
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Dan Shiovitz
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi T. Alexander Popiel
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Jon A. Lambert
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Dan Shiovitz
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Hans-Henrik Staerfeldt
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- Affordances and social method (Was: Wi J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method (Was: Re:Wired Ma gazine...) Koster, Raph
- Affordances and social method (Was: Re:Wire Michael.Willey@abnamro.com
- Amit's Games Programming Page Ling
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Holly Sommer
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Adam Wiggins
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Holly Sommer
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Adam Wiggins
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Matthew R. Sheahan
- You think users won't number crunch and statis Damion Schubert
- You think users won't number crunch... Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- [OT] Private emails Richard Woolcock
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Vadim Tkachenko
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Chris Gray
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Vadim Tkachenko
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Ben Greear
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Vadim Tkachenko
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question J C Lawrence
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question J C Lawrence
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Chris Gray
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Vadim Tkachenko
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question J C Lawrence
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Vadim Tkachenko
- [Java] multithreading: update and a question Nathan F Yospe
- [CODE RELEASE] ScryMUD, and the Hegemon Client 1.4.3 (minor release) Ben Greear
- [DESIGN] Antagonizing players Ben Greear
- [DESIGN] Antagonizing players quzah
- [DESIGN] Antagonizing players Richard Woolcock
- Job offer for multiplayer game development J C Lawrence
- Job offer for multiplayer game development S. Patrick Gallaty
- Job offer for multiplayer game development Nathan F Yospe
- Job offer for multiplayer game development Spangler, Jason
- Job offer for multiplayer game development Dr. Cat
- Job offer for multiplayer game development J C Lawrence
- Java VM performance J C Lawrence
- UBE/high: Affordances and social method (Was: Wi Dr. Cat
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Todd Lair
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Chris Gray
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Todd Lair
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine oliver@jowett.manawatu.planet.co.nz
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Oliver Jowett
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Joel Kelso
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine J C Lawrence
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Adam Wiggins
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine J C Lawrence
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Todd Lair
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine J C Lawrence
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Chris Gray
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine T. Alexander Popiel
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engine Chris Gray
- [CODE] [LANGUAGE/PLATFORM SPECIFIC] My Event Engin Jon A. Lambert
- Scripting Design Notes Mike L Kesl
- Scripting Design Notes Chris Gray
- Scripting Design Notes Vadim Tkachenko
- Scripting Design Notes Jo Dillon
- Scripting Design Notes Chris Gray
- Login and Accounts Mike L Kesl
- Login and Accounts quzah
- Login and Accounts Matt Chatterley
- Login and Accounts Ling
- Login and Accounts Matt Chatterley
- Login and Accounts J C Lawrence
- Design Patterns for Concurrent, Parallel, and Distributed Systems Alex Oren
- DBMS in MU*'s Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai
- DBMS in MU*'s Adam J. Thornton
- DBMS in MU*'s Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai
- DBMS in MU*'s Adam J. Thornton
- DBMS in MU*'s quzah
- DBMS in MU*'s s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- DBMS in MU*'s quzah
- DBMS in MU*'s Adam J. Thornton
- DBMS in MU*'s Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai
- DBMS in MU*'s J C Lawrence
- DBMS in MU*'s quzah@geocities.com
- DBMS in MU*'s Chris Gray
- DBMS in MU*'s The Arrow
- DBMS in MU*'s J C Lawrence
- DBMS in MU*'s Ola Fosheim Grøstad
- DBMS in MU*'s Ross Nicoll
- DBMS in MU*'s Chris Gray
- DBMS in MU*'s s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- DBMS in MU*'s Adam Wiggins
- DBMS in MU*'s J C Lawrence
- DBMS in MU*'s Jon A. Lambert
- DBMS in MU*'s J C Lawrence
- DBMS in MU*'s s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- DBMS in MU*'s Chris Gray
- Network Connectivity Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai
- Network Connectivity T. Alexander Popiel
- Network Connectivity Matt Chatterley
- Affordances and social method Hans-Henrik Staerfeldt
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Matthew R. Sheahan
- Overworld Maps on diku style Muds- Design notes Katrina McClelan
- Overworld Maps on diku style Muds- Design notes Richard Woolcock
- Overworld Maps on diku style Muds- Design notes Katrina McClelan
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Chris Gray
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Informix releases free version for Linux J C Lawrence
- Objects (was DBMS in MU*'s) s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- OT: Sid Meier s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- More on Informix Linux release J C Lawrence
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Koster, Raph
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun S. Patrick Gallaty
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Nathan F Yospe
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Leach, Brad BA
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Nathan F Yospe
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Markku Nylander
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Nathan F Yospe
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Adam Wiggins
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Brandon J. Rickman
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Damion Schubert
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Adam Wiggins
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Damion Schubert
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Adam J. Thornton
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Damion Schubert
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Brandon J. Rickman
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Koster, Raph
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Brandon J. Rickman
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] J C Lawrence
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Adam Wiggins
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Damion Schubert
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Adam Wiggins
- Fun vs Realism [ Was: OT: Sid Meier ] Chris Gray
- The Eternal City on The Big Network Mike Sellers
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Marian Griffith
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Chris Gray
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Marian Griffith
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Koster, Raph
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Marian Griffith
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Adam Wiggins
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun J C Lawrence
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun quzah
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Koster, Raph
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Adam Wiggins
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Damion Schubert
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun quzah
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Marian Griffith
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Damion Schubert
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Ben Greear
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Scatter
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Vadim Tkachenko
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Jo Dillon
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Chris Gray
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. S. Patrick Gallaty
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Robert Woods
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. S. Patrick Gallaty
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Katrina McClelan
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. J C Lawrence
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. karp@svconsult.com
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Ben Greear
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Ross Nicoll
- Ansii color, needing some specs and or pointers. Chris Gray
- WIRED: Kilers have more fun Chris Gray
- PANARD VISION -- 3D-Real-Time Portable Engine J C Lawrence
- Affordances and social method Leach, Brad BA
- Affordances and social method S. Patrick Gallaty
- Affordances and social method quzah
- Affordances and social method Leach, Brad BA
- Affordances and social method Robert Woods
- Affordances and social method Orion Henry
- Affordances and social method S. Patrick Gallaty
- Affordances and social method Mike Sellers
- Affordances and social method Joel Kelso
- Affordances and social method Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Affordances and social method Mike Sellers
- Affordances and social method Jon A. Lambert
- Affordances and social method s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- Affordances and social method J C Lawrence
- (subject missing) J C Lawrence
- User inventions (was:killers have more...) Ola Fosheim Grøstad
- User inventions (was:killers have more...) Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- User inventions (was:killers have more...) Matt Chatterley
- Unix vs NT and its relation to MUD environments. J C Lawrence