May 1998
- OT: CGDC Adam Wiggins
- OT: CGDC Mike Sellers
- There can be.. only ONE! (fwd) Ling
- There can be.. only ONE! (fwd) Matt Chatterley
- Some thoughts on languages and users - was: Ma Jon A. Lambert
- Some thoughts on languages and users - was: Ma Chris Gray
- Some thoughts on languages and users - was: Ma Adam Wiggins
- Some thoughts on languages and users - was: Ma J C Lawrence
- (fwd) AD: [custom graphical] whitestar Crossfi Jon A. Lambert
- LIST: The "MUD-DEV" MUD Development mailing list J C Lawrence
- Wired, UO, Mike Sellers
- Wired, UO, John Bertoglio
- Wired, UO, and Internet Gaming (was OT: Dr. Cat
- Wired, UO, and Internet Gaming (was OT: Koster, Raph
- Wired, UO, and Internet Gaming (was OT: J C Lawrence
- Wired, UO, and Internet Gaming (was OT: John Bertoglio
- OT: Supporting articles found for UOL play style Jon A. Lambert
- PK's: A solution? J C Lawrence
- Preview of Asheron's Call J C Lawrence
- Asheron's Call Interview with Toby Ragaini, Lead Designer, and Jon Grande, Product Planner. J C Lawrence
- Character maintinence - expenditure of resources Adam Wiggins
- Character maintinence - expenditure of resources Dan Shiovitz
- Character maintinence - expenditure of resources Adam Wiggins
- Character maintinence - expenditure of resources J C Lawrence
- Character maintinence - expenditure of resources Koster, Raph
- Character maintinence - expenditure of resources J C Lawrence
- Character maintinence - expenditure of resources John Bertoglio
- Character maintinence - expenditure of resources J C Lawrence
- Motivations for Creating Mud-Like Worllds and Servers | John Bertoglio
- FW: (Fwd) Bouncing mail J C Lawrence
- FW: (Fwd) Bouncing mail John Bertoglio
- FW: (Fwd) Bouncing mail Matt Chatterley
- FW: (Fwd) Bouncing mail s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- FW: (Fwd) Bouncing mail J C Lawrence
- FW: (Fwd) Bouncing mail s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- FW: (Fwd) Bouncing mail J C Lawrence
- Character development [was ] Koster, Raph
- Motivations for Creating Mud-Like Worlds and Servers Holly Sommer
- META -- membership Jay Sax
- META -- membership Koster, Raph
- META -- membership J C Lawrence
- Motivations (was something else...) s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- Motivations (was something else...) Richard Woolcock
- client UI written in server's language (was Some thoughts...) Erik Ostrom
- Some thoughts on languages and users - was: Ma J C Lawrence
- Some thoughts on languages and users - was: Ma Travis S. Casey
- Some thoughts on languages and users - was: Ma J C Lawrence
- META: Character of the list's membership J C Lawrence
- quickie CGDC report Mike Sellers
- quickie CGDC report Adam Wiggins
- Some essays I've written lately Koster, Raph
- Some essays I've written lately Koster, Raph
- Some essays I've written lately Koster, Raph
- Some essays I've written lately Koster, Raph
- Some essays I've written lately Koster, Raph
- Some essays I've written lately J C Lawrence
- Some essays I've written lately Koster, Raph
- Some essays I've written lately J C Lawrence
- Some essays I've written lately J C Lawrence
- Frandel 3D (fwd) Holly Sommer
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is Raph Koster
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is Koster, Raph
- MURKLE: Wot it is Dr. Cat
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is Shawn Halpenny
- MURKLE: Wot it is Mike Sellers
- MURKLE: Wot it is Nathan F Yospe
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is Chris Gray
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is Chris Gray
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is Ling
- MURKLE: Wot it is Oliver Jowett
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is Ling
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is Ling
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- MURKLE: Wot it is jacob langthorn
- MURKLE: Wot it is Jon A. Lambert
- MURKLE: Wot it is J C Lawrence
- We're Tiny, we're Toonie, we're all a little Loonie! Ling
- META: Search features of the MUD-Dev archive J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Adam Wiggins
- CGDC, a summary Koster, Raph
- CGDC, a summary Holly Sommer
- CGDC, a summary Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Chris Gray
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Marian Griffith
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Koster, Raph
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Mike Sellers
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Chris Gray
- CGDC, a summary Travis S. Casey
- CGDC, a summary Koster, Raph
- CGDC, a summary Adam Wiggins
- CGDC, a summary Koster, Raph
- CGDC, a summary Chris Gray
- CGDC, a summary Koster, Raph
- CGDC, a summary John Bertoglio
- CGDC, a summary s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- CGDC, a summary John Bertoglio
- CGDC, a summary Koster, Raph
- CGDC, a summary s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary John Bertoglio
- CGDC, a summary Koster, Raph
- CGDC, a summary Joel Kelso
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Marian Griffith
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Marian Griffith
- CGDC, a summary Jon A. Lambert
Hrrm, missed this the first time around. Might as well jump on it
now.
> From: Marian Griffith <gryphon@iaehv.nl>
> On Tue 26 May, J C Lawrence wrote:
> > On Thu, 21 May 1998 17:40:10 +0100 (BST)
> > Marian Griffith<gryphon@iaehv.nl> wrote:
>
> > > In <URL:/archives/meow?group+local.muddev> on Mon 18 May, Travis S. Casey wrote:
>
> > Any system is going to be biased. You can't avoid it. You can
> > provide multiple biases, but that's merely multiplexing the
> > problem, not solving it. The nasty bit comes when sufficient
> > multiplexing is deemed "good enough". When does that occur?
>
> *grin* Actually I was trying to say -ONE- particular type of
> behaviour. I could be happy in a game where you could actually play
> in a different style without messing up the game goals. Like a game
> where a healer is expected to do just that and not to go out and
> kill the monsters. I do not understand what you mean by multiplexing
> though and why it is such a bad thing.
>
Multiplex, in this case, likely means "to create many different
problems".
Don't you just hate it when these computer/math-types start applying
their wierd terminology into other realms. ;) The other day my boss
asked me to interface with a client. It took me a quite awhile to
realize he wasn't talking about a computer client program but a human
female known as Shiela. And this boss guy isn't even involved in data
processing. This is the newspeak of American management and what he
was attempting to convey was that I should talk to Shiela. :o
> [bit snipped]
>
> > So, instead you build in enough goals, and enough reward systems,
> > with enough cross-pollination and cross-currency among them that
> > the total set of valuable (per player viewpoint) permutations is
> > "large".
>
> <--- imagine totally blank expression
Hybrid goals or where multiple goals are compatible or incompatible.
Achieving certain goals may add or detract from one's progression in
other goals. If a system is easily "goal-expandable" will it lengthen
the average user's playtime? Or enjoyment? Is becoming the king of
Argos somewhat incompatible with becoming the guildmaster of
thieves? Or is becoming the guildmaster of thieves a stepping
stone into buying yourself into a respectable position and later
making a play for kingship? This assumes political and economic
systems are in place, each with their own goals, making the HnS
monster killing game just another optional avenue of play.
Now I've seen some rudimentary economic systems. But many of them are
merely ways to generate money which can only spent on equipment for
the HnS game. And I've seen some passable ecological systems. But
again, they have been designed with the idea to spawn opponents for
the HnS game.
I think the primary goal of an economic as well as an ecological game
is to create wealth. But accumulation of wealth is a boring game in
itself, it's the spending of wealth that's far more interesting as a
game. One has to have the options to do interesting things with that
wealth. There is huge hunger for a player driven/creative/spending/
building game. Just the other day, I logged into a stock Circle
that a friend was playing and chatted with some of the players. Well
it has been some time since I actually mudded. ;) Thinking I was one
of those newbies, they where very helpful. Moreso than usual.
There were a few clans that had formed and they were by their help
trying to influence me into joining their clan at a later date. When
I asked them what they where doing they revealed that members of
clans regularly went out in groups to kill and loot mobiles primarily
for money. They would collect this money and when they had enough
they would give it to the implementor and he would add some clan
rooms, special guardian monsters and special equipment and objects
for the clan hall. In fact, one of the most popular items where
statues of characters with plaques with player written epitaths.
These cost an incredible amount of money (millions of GPs). I can
only imagine the time it took to accumulate this wealth.
So the GAME here was primarily a building and aquisition competition
between clans. And the HnS of monsters was akin to farming. In fact
many of these players considered such activity to be quite tedious and
boring, but they did it anyway. But the base desire in building
something, is to effect a change in the world. It's very much the
same impulse that inspires a kid to spray paint graffiti on a wall or
bridge in the real world. A place to put your "Kilroy was here".
> > Yup,
> > carving anorexic tree god statues from ogre brains may very well
> > not be rewarded by the game, and will thus be selected against.
> > Ditto perhaps for excellant deep sea fisherman skills, or being
> > able to live an entire life balanced atop a hermit's pillar. Ya
> > gotta draw the line beyond which you just don't care any more.
> > Its an arbitrary.
>
> I see no problem with that, as long as the things that you -can- do
> are sufficiently varied. I am not speaking for UOL as I never
> played that, but for most muds that I am familiar with there is only
> one thing to do and nothing else matters.
>
Nod. Spend a couple of hundred hours exploring, socializing and
killing get to get to level 50, then join a group, become an immortal,
run a few quests. Delete character, lather, rinse, repeat. Game
Over.
I've seen muds where if you are not killing, you are penalized in
the rate at which you get xps for killing. They call this time
"idling". <boggle>
What I was trying to say in my blathering further up, was that often
when "thinking" or "pondering" new game goals, it might be best to NOT
think about how these goals will enhance/detract/interface with the
HnS combat game and concentrate solely on the idea/goal as a stand
alone game, enjoyable and consitent by itself.
Then like JC describes. Let the birds and bees take care of the
cross-pollination that other game. ;)
> > >> This is the primary reason why I favor learn-by-using-based
> > >> skill systems. In such a system, players are free to define
> > >> their own goals (at least, as far as character advancement
> > >> goes), and the means of achieving those goals to is to exercise
> > >> the skill in question.
>
> > > I think things would even better if the game did not define an
> > > ultimate goal for the players?
>
> > We enter the question of the definition of a game. Is a "game"
> > which has no goal (ultimate, sequential, or otherwise), still a
> > game? Arguably, no. This is the crux of Bartle's dismissal of the
> > entire Tiny-* clan in his MUD survey. While they're not games per
> > se, he never really defines either what they actually are, or what
> > drove (and drives) their success.
Aye. I noticed this. Instead, Bartle simply dumps these refugees who
happen to be lost or hanging out on your traditional HnS style mud
into his hearts category. In truth you've got two distinct classes of
these socializer-types, those who are engaged in Mud IRC and those who
are engaged in a game that is primarily driven by social interaction.
I think they are certainly games. Someone posted on the Bettleheim
activity "play". Yet I'd be hesitant to describe it as such, even
though competition is many times absent, though not always. There is
often a great deal of formality and rules invovled. Of course, I bet
this varies from game to game (or should I say play to play?) I would
call them games where once goals are achieved or abandoned, new ones
are invented or old ones are revisited. These are games with no
defined end point. (Not mechanically like Space Invaders)
> There is a difference between having no goal and allowing the
> players to define their own goals. I think that what makes mushes
> intereting to play is that they do not have a goal. They are a
> stage where you have a limited control over your environment and
> they allow you to do what you like. Within the limitations of the
> theme.
>
You hit the nail on the head. I think where the game system
tinkerers find objection and hit their thumb instead of the nail is
in the resolution of scope in players' environmental control.
Or the resolution of story direction according to the RP GameMaster's
notions/collective players' consent. The "Common Sense Law of
Plausibility" is a difficult thing to wrap code around.
> > My preferred viewpoint on the mechanics of games: Games consist of
> > goals, barriers and freedoms. The barriers attempt to prevent
> > accomplishment of the goal(s), and the freedoms are the
> > possibilities which can be used to accomplish the goal(s).
>
> > Remove the goal and, at a mechanical level, you don't have a game
> > anymore. Echoes of Bruno Bettelheim's "game" and "play"?
>
Really. Imagine the game is to role-play Conan. The goals of one's
play would necessarily change during the course of Conan's "career".
Winning the game of role-play is not whether or not Conan actually
achieves his goals, it's more whether yourself and others are
convinced, amused, and/or entertained by your play of Conan.
Progress in such a game can be measured in terms of audience
approval, thus many RP muds have player-voting mechanisms.
Here's another inadequate analogy. GOPing is hockey and RPing is
figure-skating.
Then again maybe it is Bettleheim's play or maybe the distinction is
really unimportant. When one plays informal softball or volleyball
with friends, is it a game or play? Are you playing to win or
playing for the sake of playing?
--
--/*\ Jon A. Lambert - TychoMUD Internet:jlsysinc@ix.netcom.com /*\--
--/*\ Mud Server Developer's Page <http://www.netcom.com/~jlsysinc> /*\--
--/*\ "Everything that deceives may be said to enchant" - Plato /*\-- - CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Jon A. Lambert
- CGDC, a summary J C Lawrence
- CGDC, a summary Adam Wiggins
- CGDC, a summary Jon A. Lambert
- CGDC, a summary Orion Henry
- MUD mentation system Matthew R. Sheahan
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Ben Greear
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. John Bertoglio
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Ben Greear
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Dan Shiovitz
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Ben Greear
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Adam Wiggins
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Vadim Tkachenko
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Richard Woolcock
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Ben Greear
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. Dan Shiovitz
- How to handle log-outs in a totally dynamic world. J C Lawrence
- On tanks... J C Lawrence
- On tanks... Ling
- More on LetsSystems J C Lawrence
- Attributes: Sanity Holly Sommer
- Attributes: Sanity Travis S. Casey
- Attributes: Sanity Holly Sommer
- Attributes: Sanity Holly Sommer
- Attributes: Sanity Adam Wiggins
- Attributes: Sanity Travis S. Casey
- Attributes: Sanity Holly Sommer
- Attributes: Sanity Holly Sommer
- mudschools Marian Griffith
- mudschools Matt Chatterley
- Mudschool Ling
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator John Bertoglio
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator John Bertoglio
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator Holly Sommer
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator John Bertoglio
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator Vadim Tkachenko
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator John Bertoglio
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator J C Lawrence
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator Vadim Tkachenko
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator John Bertoglio
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator Robert Woods
- Leaving characters in play Joel Kelso
- Leaving characters in play Ben Greear
- Leaving characters in play John Bertoglio
- Leaving characters in play Adam Wiggins
- Leaving characters in play J C Lawrence
- Leaving characters in play John Bertoglio
- Leaving characters in play Travis S. Casey
- Leaving characters in play Adam Wiggins
- Leaving characters in play John Bertoglio
- Leaving characters in play J C Lawrence
- Leaving characters in play J C Lawrence
- Leaving characters in play Travis S. Casey
- Leaving characters in play J C Lawrence
- Leaving characters in play D. B. Brown
- Leaving characters in play Travis S. Casey
- Leaving characters in play Adam Wiggins
- Leaving characters in play Jon A. Lambert
- Leaving characters in play s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- Leaving characters in play Ben Greear
- Request "unsubscribe calvin@orinconhi.com mud-dev" Petidomo Mailing List Server
- Natural Language Processing (NLP) Shawn Halpenny
- Is There a There in Cyberspace? J C Lawrence
- Is There a There in Cyberspace? Jon A. Lambert
- Is There a There in Cyberspace? J C Lawrence
- [OT] Web Pages Jon A. Lambert
- AR Mining System John Bertoglio
- AR Mining System Oliver Jowett
- AR Mining System John Bertoglio
- mudschools Mike Sellers
- Using HTML for a Mud character generator Travis S. Casey
- Character creation, was: Mudschool Richard Woolcock
- Character creation, was: Mudschool Jon A. Lambert
- Onchat -- Java based chat room. J C Lawrence
- A short introduction of a (quite) long-time lurker Per Vognsen
- [MUD-Dev]World Size and The "Hot House" Factor Was PK and my "Mobless MUD" idea John Bertoglio
- mudschools jacob langthorn
- world concept jacob langthorn
- world concept Jo Dillon
- world concept J C Lawrence
- world concept Holly Sommer
- world concept jacob langthorn
- OT: Java multithreading performance Vadim Tkachenko
- OT: Java multithreading performance Ben Greear
- OT: Java multithreading performance Vadim Tkachenko
- OT: Java multithreading performance Chris Gray
- OT: Java multithreading performance Vadim Tkachenko
- OT: Java multithreading performance Chris Gray
- OT: Java multithreading performance Vadim Tkachenko
- OT: Java multithreading performance Chris Gray
- OT: Java multithreading performance Ben Greear
- OT: Java multithreading performance Jon A. Lambert
- OT: Java multithreading performance Chris Gray
- OT: Java multithreading performance Vadim Tkachenko
- OT: Java multithreading performance J C Lawrence
- META: Lost messages J C Lawrence
- Titanic's demise (was MURKLE: Wot it is) Mike Sellers
- Titanic's demise (was MURKLE: Wot it is) Koster, Raph
- mudschools jacob langthorn
- mudschools Marian Griffith
- mudschools Mike Sellers
- mudschools Marian Griffith
- mudschools Robert Woods
- mudschools Mike Sellers
- mudschools Robert Woods
- mudschools Robert Woods
- mudschools Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- MUD Schools Adam Casbarian
- MUD Schools Chris Lloyd
- MUD Schools Jon Lambert
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Orion Henry
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Oliver Jowett
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Orion Henry
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Oliver Jowett
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play D. B. Brown
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Orion Henry
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Adam Wiggins
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play J C Lawrence
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Orion Henry
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Adam Wiggins
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Travis S. Casey
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Adam Wiggins
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Travis S. Casey
- Combat Was Leaving characters in play Adam Wiggins
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams J C Lawrence
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams T. Alexander Popiel
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams J C Lawrence
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams John Bertoglio
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams John Bertoglio
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Ada ms Koster, Raph
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams Caliban Tiresias Darklock
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By ErnestAdam s Koster, Raph
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Ada ms J C Lawrence
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams J C Lawrence
- Bad Game Designer, No Twinkie! -- By Ernest Adams John Bertoglio
- Java multithreading test source Vadim Tkachenko
- Java multithreading test source J C Lawrence
- Java multithreading test source Vadim Tkachenko
- Java multithreading test source Ben Greear
- Java multithreading test source Vadim Tkachenko
- Java multithreading test source Chris Gray
- Mud Tales John Bertoglio
- Nested coorindate space model J C Lawrence
- Nested coorindate space model Ling
- Nested coorindate space model J C Lawrence
- Nested coorindate space model Ling
- Nested coorindate space model Michael Hohensee
- Nested coorindate space model J C Lawrence
- Nested coorindate space model Michael Hohensee
- Nested coorindate space model Jason Goodwin
- Nested coorindate space model J C Lawrence
- Nested coorindate space model Michael Hohensee
- Nested coorindate space model J C Lawrence
- Nested coorindate space model Benjamin D. Wiechel
- Nested coorindate space model J C Lawrence
- Nested coorindate space model Michael Hohensee
- Now For Something Completely Different: PK with style John Bertoglio
- Sex in Games -- ya gotta, um, yeah J C Lawrence
- Combat in the Abandoned Realms John Bertoglio
- A Metaphysics System s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- META: New list features J C Lawrence
- OT: Java multithreading test source Jon A. Lambert
- OT: Java multithreading test source Mike Sellers
- OT: Java multithreading test source Ben Greear
- OT: Java multithreading test source Jon A. Lambert
- OT: Java multithreading test source Jon A. Lambert
- OT: Java multithreading test source Jon A. Lambert
- OT: Java multithreading test source Jon A. Lambert
- OT: Java multithreading test source Ben Greear
- OT: Java multithreading test source John Bertoglio
- OT: Java multithreading test source Vadim Tkachenko
- OT: Java multithreading test source Jon A. Lambert
- OT: Java multithreading test source Ben Greear
- Plug: Got my java client to work using the java-plugin. Ben Greear
- UO's rep system, was: CGDC Koster, Raph
- UO's rep system, was: CGDC J C Lawrence
- BIAP Chat/Chat Pro (fwd) Nathan F Yospe
- BIAP Chat/Chat Pro (fwd) Holly Sommer
- Tutorial for Multi-User Environments Niklas Elmqvist
- Tutorial for Multi-User Environments Niklas Elmqvist
- skill system Andrew C.M. McClintock
- skill system Jo Dillon
- skill system Andrew C.M. McClintock
- skill system Adam Wiggins
- skill system Marian Griffith
- skill system J C Lawrence
- skill system Jon A. Lambert
- skill system John Bertoglio
- skill system J C Lawrence
- skill system s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- skill system Adam Wiggins
- skill system Katrina McClelan
- skill system Richard Woolcock
- skill system Koster, Raph
- skill system John Bertoglio
- skill system Adam Wiggins
- skill system Mike Sellers
- skill system Richard Woolcock
- skill system Adam Wiggins
- skill system Richard Woolcock
- skill system Katrina McClelan
- skill system Adam Wiggins
- skill system Richard Woolcock
- skill system Katrina McClelan
- skill system Adam Wiggins
- skill system Dan Shiovitz
- skill system Adam Wiggins
- skill system Richard Woolcock
- skill system Adam Wiggins
- skill system Richard Woolcock
- skill system J C Lawrence
- skill system s001gmu@nova.wright.edu
- skill system J C Lawrence
- skill system John Bertoglio